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Forces holding the solid together (Ionic, Covalent, Metallic, and Van der Waals).
| Topic | Engineering Relevance | |--------|------------------------| | | Anisotropy, slip systems | | Reciprocal lattice & diffraction | XRD for phase identification | | Band theory | Semiconductors, LEDs, solar cells | | Dielectric properties | Capacitors, insulation | | Magnetism | Hard drives, transformers, spintronics | | Superconductivity | MRI, quantum computing, power cables | Forces holding the solid together (Ionic